NEWS

2007-08-08T21:00:00.001-07:00

News

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v • d • e

News is any new information or information on current events which is relayed by print, broadcast, Internet, or word of mouth to a third party or mass audience. The reporting and investigation of news falls within the profession of journalism. News is often reported by a variety of sources, such as newspapers, television, and radio programs, wire services, and web sites. News reporting is a type of journalism, typically written or broadcast in news style. Most news is investigated and presented by journalists and can be distributed to various outlets via news agencies.

There are many categories of news. The weather is typically presented by a certified meteorologist or, on smaller stations, a less-trained "weatherman" and is considered news. Other news categories are: sports, fashion, society, entertainment, business, cartoon strips, features, lottery numbers, lives of celebrities, advertising, and more. Until the 1970s, when women's lib issues came to the forefront, most newspapers had a "Women's" section devoted entirely to fashion and society news. Papers even printed "cheesecake" feature photos of attractive young women in bikinis, often transmitted by the AP or UPI wire services, illustrating various news events or feature ideas.

In its infancy, news gathering was primitive by today's standards. Printed news had to be phoned in to a newsroom or brought there by a reporter where it was typed and either transmitted over wire services or edited and manually set in type along with other news stories for a specific edition. Today, the term "Breaking News" has become trite as broadcast and cable news services use live satellite technology to bring current events into consumers' homes live as it happens. Events that used to take hours or days to become common knowledge in towns or in nations are fed instantaneously to consumers via radio, television, cell phones, and the Internet.

Most large cities had^{[citation needed]} morning and afternoon newspapers. As the media evolved and news outlets increased to the point of near oversaturation, afternoon newspapers were shut down except for relatively few. Morning newspapers have been gradually losing circulation, according to reports advanced by the papers themselves.^{[citation needed]}

Commonly, news content should contain the who, what, when, where, why, and how of an event. There should be no questions remaining. Newspapers normally write hard news stories, such as those pertaining to murders, fires, wars, etc. in inverted pyramid style so the most important information is at the beginning. Busy readers can read as little or as much as they desire. Local stations and networks with a set format must take news stories and break them down into the most important aspects due to time constraints. Cable news channels such as Fox News Channel, MSNBC, and CNN, are able to take advantage of a story, sacrificing other, decidedly less important stories, and giving as much detail about breaking news as possible.

[edit] Objectivity

In democracies, news organizations are often expected to aim for objectivity: Reporters claim to try to cover all sides of an issue without bias, as compared to commentators or analysts, who provide opinion or personal point-of-view.

In the United Kingdom, limits are set by the government agency Ofcom, the Office of Communications. Both newspapers and broadcast news programs in the United States are generally expected to remain neutral and avoid bias except for clearly indicated editorial articles or segments.

Many single-party countries have operated state-run news organizations, which may present the government's views. Even in those situations where objectivity is expected, it is difficult to achieve, and individual journalist may fall foul of their own personal bias, or succumb to commercial or political pressure. Individuals and organizations who are the subject of news reports may use news management techniques to try to make a favourable impression.

[edit] Etymology

"News" developed as a special use of the plural form of "new" in the 14th century. In Middle English, the equivalent word was 'newes', based on the French 'nouvelles'.

It is not, as is often claimed, an acronym for "north, east, west, south". [1]

Look up news in
Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Journalism Portal

Current events Portal

[edit] See also

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/News"

Categories: Articles lacking sources from June 2007 | All articles lacking sources | Articles with unsourced statements since April 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Journalism

2007-08-07T19:52:00.001-07:00

Bangkok Post

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Bangkok Post
The 60th anniversary edition of the Bangkok Post.
Type	Daily newspaper
Format	Broadsheet

Owner	Post Publishing Public Co. Ltd.
Publisher	Kowit Sanandang
Editor	Pichai Chuensuksawadi, editor-in-chief Veera Prateepchaikul, deputy editor-in-chief Pattna Chantranontwong, editor
Founded	August 1, 1946
Language	English
Price	25 baht
Headquarters	Khlong Toei, Bangkok
Circulation	75,000

Website: www.bangkokpost.net

The Bangkok Post is a broadsheet English-language daily newspaper published in Bangkok, Thailand. The first issue came out on August 1, 1946. It was four pages and cost 1 baht.

The paper was founded by Alexander MacDonald, a former OSS officer, and his Thai associate Prasit Lulitanond. Thailand at that time was the only Southeast Asian country to have a Soviet Embassy, and the American Embassy allegedly felt it needed an independent but pro-American paper to present its views. Thus, some sources claim the financing came directly from the State Department or possibly even the OSS itself.^{[citation needed]}

Nevertheless, under MacDonald's stewardship, the Bangkok Post was reasonably independent and employed many young newsmen, including Peter Arnett and T. D. Allman, who later became internationally known.

In a country where media censorship is common, the Bangkok Post portrays itself as having been comparatively free. There are notable instances where this is clearly untrue and the newspaper has often been accused of self-censorship in order to avoid controversy or conflict with powerful individuals. A ubiquitous example of this in Thailand is an unwillingness to criticise the Thai monarchy, which would constitute an illegal act and would, no doubt, be hugely unpopular. Another example of self censorship – until recent years – is a traditional unwillingness to accuse influential individuals of corruption. Yet another example of censorship was the newspaper's failure, during the Vietnam War, to report upon forays from U.S. Air Force bases in Thailand over North Vietnam and Cambodia. At the time none of these missions received coverage in the local press.

Alex MacDonald left Thailand after a military coup in the 1950s, and the paper was later acquired by Lord Roy Thomson. The paper has since changed hands. Major shareholders in Post Publishing include the Chirathivat family (owners of Central Group), the South China Morning Post of Hong Kong and GMM Grammy Pcl, Thailand's biggest media and entertainment firm.

Another English newspaper of Thailand, the evening-edition Bangkok World, was bought by the Bangkok Post in the late 1980s and is now defunct.

The main competition today comes from The Nation, a Thai owned and managed newspaper. Compared to The Nation, the Bangkok Post typically covers topics more from an expatriate perspective, especially after several of its Thai journalists left in 1991 and joined The Nation, which takes pride in having been founded and still being owned entirely by Thais.

The Bangkok Post was well-known for Bernard Trink's weekly Nite Owl column covering the nightlife of Bangkok. Trink's column was published from 1966 (originally in the Bangkok World) until 2004, when it was discontinued.

[edit] Sections

Section 1: Local, regional and world news, as well as Opinion and Analysis pages. The Sports section starts from the back page of the front section and consists of four to six pages.
Business: The second section (introduced in 1966) contains local, regional and world business and financial news and stock-market tables.
Outlook: The features section, includes human-interest stories, entertainment news, a society page, advice columns, comics, puzzles, local television listings and movie ads.
Database: A weekly information technology section, inserted on Wednesdays.
Horizon: A weekly travel section, inserted on Thursdays.
Motoring: A weekly automotive section, inserted on Fridays.
Sunday Perspective: A weekly news analysis and investigative journalism section.
Real.Time: Launched as a weekly magazine in 1997, then became a broadsheet section in 1998, inserted on Fridays. Includes reviews of movies and music as well as events listings.
Learning Post: An English-language education section.
The Magazine: A bimonthly glossy lifestyle magazine.
Guru: An entertainment tabloid, inserted on Fridays and aimed at young-adult readers.
Classified: Extensive English-language listings for jobs, housing, automobiles, entertainment, dining, travel and other services.

[edit] English language education site

A special Bangkok Post website readbangkokpost.com helps people learn to read English using the daily newspaper. Vocabulary, reading questions, and web resources are provided for a selection of articles every day. Articles are taken from the general news, tourism, entertainment, and business sections of the newspaper. The targeted audience includes individual learners studying English by themselves as well as teachers using articles in the classroom.

[edit] See also

Media of Thailand

[edit] External links

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangkok_Post"

Categories: Articles with unsourced statements since February 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements | Newspapers published in Thailand | English-language newspaper

2007-08-07T19:49:00.001-07:00

American Free Press

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Please see the discussion on the talk page.
This article or section has been tagged since April 2007.

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You can help Wikipedia by improving these statements.

The American Free Press (AFP) is a weekly newspaper published in the United States which often focuses on the issue of the role of Zionism in the United States. It was founded in 2001 as the successor to The Spotlight, which ceased publication in 2001 when its parent company, Liberty Lobby, was forced into bankruptcy. The paper was founded by former Spotlight staffers. The Barnes Review is a companion publication to American Free Press that is more focused on Holocaust Denial.

Like The Spotlight, American Free Press proclaims a "populist and nationalist" political orientation and runs opinionated articles and editorials aimed at a mainstream audience across the political spectrum.

Some critics charge that it is a subtle recruiting tool for anti-Semitism and the political extreme right-wing. These critics cite as evidence the paper's classified section, which sometimes includes ads for the National Alliance, Christian Identity materials, and Creativity Movement books including White Man's Bible, Nature's Eternal Religion and On the Brink of a Bloody Racial War^{[citation needed]}. The newspaper rejects the labels "anti-Semitic" and "extreme right" to describe itself, maintaining that its classifieds contain advertisements for many groups which could be called extremist, both left and right, and even those amongst the right-leaning racial/nationalist groups are varied, including Nation of Islam, as well as numerous links to tax protesters. There is also to be found a special preference for advertisements promoting alternative medicine and holistic therapy.

The paper includes articles from mainstream columnists such as Ron Paul, Joe Sobran, and Paul Craig Roberts, as well as articles by its own staff. Articles by Willis Carto, the founder of Liberty Lobby, also appear occasionally.

The American Free Press is opposed to free trade treaties such as NAFTA and the World Trade Organization, has been strongly opposed to all U.S. military interventions since the fall of the Berlin Wall to the present including the Iraq War, supports a large reduction of immigration into the United States, and supports the elimination of the federal income tax and the abolition of the Federal Reserve Bank. The paper takes a special interest in reporting on the activities of the Bilderberg group and on complementary and alternative medicine (CAM). It has published several articles supportive of Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez.

The newspaper is critical of the policies of the state of Israel, and of Zionist lobby groups in the United States such as AIPAC. One of its writers, Michael Collins Piper, hosts a weekday talk show on shortwave radio that is pointedly anti-Zionist.^[1]

[edit] Coverage of 9/11 conspiracy theories

American Free Press also publishes articles on 9/11 conspiracy theories. One of their ex-contract reporters, Christopher Bollyn, who has been a guest on David Duke radio^[2], is sometimes cited for his reporting in the 9/11 Truth Movement. However, Bollyn has also been criticized as a holocaust denier by 9/11 researchers.^[3]^[4] Yet the film Loose Change used material from American Free Press as a source and the film Oil, Smoke & Mirrors contains an interview with Bollyn. Others have criticized Bollyn for inserting claims devoid of actual references. In his alleged reports of 9/11 anomalies, he suggests that the Flight 93 crash site had no aircraft debris ^[5]^[6] contrary to numerous other reports with evidence of such debris^[7]. In his article about the seismic events of the WTC towers collapses, Bollyn suggests that the seismic spikes preceded the collapses and are thus evidence for "basement bombs." He states,

"The strongest jolts were all registered at the beginning of the collapses, well before the falling debris struck the earth. These unexplained 'spikes' in the seismic data lend credence to the theory that massive explosions at the base of the towers caused the collapses."^[8]

Yet other analyses of the WTC seismic data have found no evidence for Bollyn's claim that large spikes preceded the collapses.^[9]

James P. Tucker, Jr., who has been chronicling the activities of the Bilderberg Group for over thirty years, is also a reporter with American Free Press and was a longtime Spotlight reporter.

The Anti-Defamation League (ADL) has criticised AFP, in particular Bollyn, for its linking of prominent figures in the Jewish community with the events of September 11, 2001, and in September 2006 accused the publication of disseminating "antisemitic propaganda".[3]

[edit] References

[edit] External links

2007-08-06T19:08:00.000-07:00

The Washington Post

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This article is about the newspaper. For the John Phillip Sousa march, see The Washington Post (march).


The September 22, 2005 front page of The Washington Post
Type	Daily newspaper
Format	Broadsheet

Owner	Washington Post Company
Editor	Leonard Downie, Jr.
Founded	1877
Headquarters	1150 15th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20071 United States
Circulation	699,130 Daily^[1] 929,921 Sunday^[2]

Website: washingtonpost.com

The Washington Post is the largest newspaper in Washington, D.C.. It is also one of the city's oldest papers, having been founded in 1877.

Perhaps the most notable incident in the Post's history was when, in the early 1970s, reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein began the media's investigation of Watergate. This played a major role in the undoing of the Nixon presidency.

[edit] General overview

The Post is generally regarded among the leading daily American newspapers, along with The New York Times, which is known for its general reporting and international coverage, and The Wall Street Journal, which is known for its financial reporting. The Post has distinguished itself through its reporting on the workings of the White House, Congress, and other aspects of the U.S. government.

Unlike the Times and the Journal, however, it does not currently print a daily national edition for distribution away from the East Coast. However, a "National Weekly Edition", combining stories from a week of Post editions, is published. The majority of its newsprint readership is in the District of Columbia, as well as its suburbs of Maryland and Northern Virginia.

As of April 2007, its average weekday circulation was 699,130 and its Sunday circulation was 929,921, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations, making it the seventh largest newspaper in the country by circulation, behind USA Today, The Wall Street Journal, The New York Times, the Los Angeles Times, the New York Post and the New York Daily News.^[2] While its circulation, like that of almost all newspapers, has been slipping, it has one of the highest market-penetration rates of any metropolitan news daily.

[edit] History

The paper was founded in 1877 by Stilson Hutchins and in 1880 added a Sunday edition, thus becoming the city's first newspaper to publish seven days a week. In 1889, Hutchins sold the paper to Frank Hatton, a former Postmaster General, and Beriah Wilkins, a former Democratic congressman from Ohio. To promote the paper, the new owners requested the leader of the Marine Band, John Philip Sousa, to compose a march for the newspaper's essay contest awards ceremony. Sousa composed The Washington Post, which remains one of his best-known works and is credited to have brought the newspaper to worldwide fame.^{[citation needed]}

In 1899, during the Spanish-American War, the Post printed Clifford K. Berryman's classic illustration Remember the Maine.

Wilkins acquired Hatton's share of the paper in 1894 at Hatton's death. After Wilkins' death in 1903, his sons John and Robert ran the Post for two years before selling it in 1905 to Washington McLean and his son John Roll McLean, owners of the Cincinnati Enquirer. When John died in 1916, he put the paper in trust, having little faith that his playboy son Edward "Ned" McLean could manage his inheritance. Ned went to court and broke the trust, but, under his management, the paper slumped toward ruin. It was purchased in a bankruptcy auction in 1933 by a member of the Federal Reserve's board of governors, Eugene Meyer, who restored the paper's health and reputation. In 1946, Meyer was succeeded as publisher by his son-in-law Philip Graham.

In 1954, the Post consolidated its position by acquiring its last morning rival, the Washington Times-Herald, leaving as its remaining competitors two afternoon papers, the Washington Star (Evening Star) (until that paper's demise in 1981) and The Washington Daily News, which was bought and merged into the Star in 1972. More recently, The Washington Times, established in 1982, has been a local rival with a circulation (in 2005) about one-seventh that of the Post. [1]

After Graham's death, in 1963, control of the Washington Post Company passed to Katharine Graham, his wife and Meyer's daughter. No woman before had ever run a nationally prominent newspaper in the United States. She described her own anxiety and lack of confidence based on her gender in her autobiography, and she did not assign duties to her daughter at the paper as she did to her son. She served as publisher from 1969 to 1979 and headed the Washington Post Company into the early 1990s as chairman of the board and CEO. After 1993, she retained a position as chairman of the executive committee until her death in 2001.

Her tenure is credited with seeing the Post rise in national stature through effective investigative reporting, most notably to assure The New York Times did not surpass its Washington reporting of the Pentagon Papers and Watergate scandal. Executive editor Ben Bradlee put the paper's reputation and resources behind reporters Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein, who, in a long series of articles, chipped away at the story behind the 1972 burglary of Democratic National Committee offices in the Watergate Hotel complex in Washington. The Post's dogged coverage of the story, the outcome of which ultimately played a major role in the resignation of President Richard Nixon, won the paper a Pulitzer Prize in 1973.

Also in 1972, the "Book World" section was introduced.^[3]

In 1980, the Post published a dramatic story called 'Jimmy's World', describing the life of an eight-year-old heroin addict in Washington, for which reporter Janet Cooke won acclaim and a Pulitzer Prize. Subsequent investigation, however, revealed the story to be a fabrication. The Pulitzer Prize was returned.

Donald Graham, Katherine's son, succeeded her as publisher in 1979 and in the early 1990s became chief executive officer and chairman of the board, as well. He was succeeded in 2000 as publisher and CEO by Boisfeuillet Jones, Jr., with Graham remaining as chairman.

Like The New York Times, the Post was slow in moving to color photographs and features. On January 28, 1999 its first color front-page photograph appeared. After that, color slowly integrated itself into other photographs and advertising throughout the paper.

The newspaper established a web site in 1996, http://www.washingtonpost.com/

As of 2006 the Post had been honored with 22 Pulitzer Prizes, 18 Nieman Fellowships, and 368 White House News Photographers Association awards, among others.

The paper is part of The Washington Post Company, which owns a number of other media and non-media companies, including Newsweek magazine, the online magazine Slate, and the education company Kaplan.

The paper runs its own syndication service for its columnists and cartoonists, The Washington Post Writers Group.

The Post has its main office at 1150 15th St, N.W., and the newspaper has the exclusive zip code 20071.

[edit] Political leanings

Beginning with Nixon,[2] conservatives often cite the Post, along with The New York Times, as exemplars of "liberal media bias." As late publisher Katherine Graham noted in her memoirs Personal History, the paper long had a policy of not making endorsements for presidential candidates. In 2004, however, the Post endorsed John Kerry. [3] It also has endorsed Republican politicians, such as Maryland Governor Robert Ehrlich. [4] In 2006 it repeated its historic endorsements of every Republican incumbent for Congress in Northern Virginia. [5] There have also been times when the Post has specifically chosen not to endorse any candidate, such as in 1988 when it refused to endorse then Governor Michael Dukakis or then Vice President George Bush.[6]

It has regularly published a political mixture of op-ed columnists, some of them left-of-center (including E.J. Dionne and Richard Cohen) and a few right-of-center (including George Will and Charles Krauthammer)

In "Buying the War" on PBS, Bill Moyers noted 27 editorials supporting the President's ambitions to invade Iraq. National security correspondent Walter Pincus reported that he had been ordered to cease his reports that were critical of Republican administrations. [7]

Its editorial positions have taken both liberal and conservative stances: it has steadfastly supported the 2003 invasion of Iraq, warmed to President George W. Bush's proposal to partially privatize Social Security, opposed a deadline for U.S. withdrawal from the Iraq War, and advocated free trade agreements, including, among others, CAFTA.

In 1992 the PBS investigative news program Frontline suggested that the Post had moved to the right in response to its smaller, more conservative rival the Washington Times. The program quoted Paul Weyrich, one of the founders of the conservative activist organization the Moral Majority, as saying "The Washington Post became very arrogant and they just decided that they would determine what was news and what wasn't news and they wouldn't cover a lot of things that went on. And the Washington Times has forced the Post to cover a lot of things that they wouldn't cover if the Times wasn't in existence." [8]

On March 26, 2007, Chris Matthews said on his television program, "Well, The Washington Post is not the liberal newspaper it was, Congressman, let me tell you. I have been reading it for years and it is a neocon newspaper," [9] referring to neoconservatism.

The conservative leadership of Donald Graham and editorial page editor Fred Hiatt has been seen as a catalyst of these changes.

[edit] Ombudsmen

In 1970 the Post became one of the first newspapers in the United States to establish a position of "ombudsman," or readers' representative, assigned to address reader complaints about Post news coverage and to monitor the newspaper's adherence to its own standards. Ever since, the ombudsman's commentary has been a frequent feature of the Post editorial page.

[edit] Notable contributors

Joel Achenbach (writer)
Anne Applebaum (writer)
Marie Arana (editor of "Book World")
Cathy Areu (contributing editor, "First Person Singular")
Dan Balz (national political reporter)
Carl Bernstein (writer)
Andrew Beyer (horse racing columnist)
Herb Block (cartoonist)
Thomas Boswell (sports columnist)
David Broder (writer)
Tina Brown (writer)
Art Buchwald (writer)
Chris Cillizza (writer; author of The Fix weblog)
Libby Copeland (writer)
Richard L. Coe (theatre critic/writer)
Richard Cohen (writer)
Steve Coll (editor)
Lisa de Moraes (television columnist)
Helen Dewar (Senate political reporter)
E.J. Dionne (writer)
Michael Dirda (book critic)
Leonard Downie, Jr. (editor)
Michel duCille (photo editor, photographer)
Dan Froomkin (columnist)
Meg Greenfield (editor)
Mike Grunwald (writer)
Walter Haight (sports writer and columnist)
Jim Hoagland (writer)

Glenn Kessler (writer)
Colbert King (writer)
Tony Kornheiser (sports columnist)
Charles Krauthammer (columnist)
Howard Kurtz (media critic)
Charles Lane (writer)
Colman McCarthy (columnist)
Mary McGrory (writer)
Dana Milbank (writer)
Tim Page (music critic)
Shirley Povich (sports columnist)
Dana Priest (writer)
William Raspberry (writer)
Ken Ringle (writer)
Eugene Robinson (columnist and editor)
Christine Sadler (writer)
Tom Shales (writer)
Michael Specter (writer)
Howard Simons (editor)
Tom Toles (cartoonist)
Jim VandeHei (writer)
Gene Weingarten (writer)
James Russell Wiggins (editor)
Michael Wilbon (sports columnist)
George F. Will (columnist)
Bob Woodward (writer)
Robin Wright (writer)

[edit] Executive Officers and Editors (past and present)

2007-08-05T19:28:00.000-07:00

Associated Press

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**The Associated Press**

Type	Non-profit cooperative
Founded	New York City, 1846 [1]
Headquarters	New York City
Key people	Tom Curley, President and CEO
Area served	Worldwide
Industry	News media
Products	Wire service
Revenue	$654,186,000 USD 2005 ^[1]
Operating income	$17,959,000 USD 2005 ^[1]
Net income	$18,528,000 USD 2005 ^[1]
Employees	3,700
Website	ap.org

The Associated Press, or AP, is an American news agency, the world's largest such organization. The AP is a cooperative owned by its contributing newspapers, radio and television stations in the United States, who both contribute stories to it and use material written by its staffers. Many newspapers and broadcasters outside the United States are AP subscribers — that is, they pay a fee to use AP material but are not members of the cooperative.

As of 2005, AP's news is used by 1,700 newspapers, in addition to 5,000 television and radio outlets. Its photo library consists of more than 10 million images. The AP has 243 bureaus and serves 121 countries, with a diverse international staff drawing from all over the world.

As part of their agreements with the Associated Press, most newspapers grant automatic permission for the Associated Press to distribute their local news reports. For example, on page two of every edition of the Washington Post, the masthead includes the announcement, "The Associated Press is entitled exclusively to use for republication of all news dispatches credited to it or not otherwise credited in this paper and all local news of spontaneous origin published herein."

The AP Stylebook has become the de facto standard for newswriting in the United States. The AP has a straightforward, "just-the-facts" writing style, often using the inverted pyramid style of writing so that stories can be edited to fit available space in a newspaper without losing the essence of the story.

The collapse of AP's traditional rival, United Press International, as a major competitor in 1993 has left AP as the only nationally oriented news service based in the United States. The other rival English-language news services, such as Reuters and the English language service of Agence France Presse, are based outside the United States.

The explosion of media and news outlets with the arrival of the Internet has posed a threat to AP's financial structure. On April 18, 2005, at its annual meeting, AP announced that as of 2006 it would, for the first time, begin charging separate fees for posting articles and pictures online. News outlets that buy AP's news, sports, business and entertainment coverage have previously been allowed to place the material online at no extra cost. The cooperative later backed down from the plan and, in a bid to reach more readers, launched asap, a service aimed at 18–34-year-olds. The service was discontinued in October 2007 [2].

AP's American employees, except for a small group classified as "administrative," are represented by the News Media Guild and the Communication Workers of America.

[edit] History

AP was formed in May 1846^[2] by representatives of five competitive New York City newspapers, who wanted to pool resources to collect news from Europe. Before this, the newspapers had competed by sending reporters out in rowboats to meet the ships as they arrived in the harbor. The owners of these newspapers realized that they were all paying for essentially the same information, and they decided it would be cheaper to have a service collect and pay for the information once from the telegraph company. Their organization was originally called the Harbor News Association; it was later renamed the Associated Press. The driving force in its formation was Moses Yale Beach, publisher of the New York Sun, when he invited the other New York publishers to join the Sun in a cooperative venture in covering the Mexican-American War. The five New York papers who joined in the agreement were the Sun, the Journal of Commerce, the Courier and Enquirer, the Herald, and the Express. In 1849 the Harbor News Association opened the first bureau outside the U.S., in Halifax, Nova Scotia, to meet ships from Europe before they docked in New York.

1861: Facing censorship in covering the American Civil War, reporters first filed under the anonymous byline "from the Associated Press agent."
1876: Mark Kellogg, a stringer, becomes the first AP correspondent to die in the line of duty, at the Battle of the Little Bighorn. His final dispatch: "I go with Custer and will be at the death."
1893: Melville E. Stone becomes the general manager of the reorganized A.P., a post he retains until 1921. Under his leadership, the A.P. becomes one of the world's most prominent news agencies.
1899: AP uses Guglielmo Marconi's wireless telegraph to cover the America's Cup yacht race off Sandy Hook, New Jersey, the first news test of the new wireless telegraph.
1914: AP introduces the Teletype, which transmitted directly to printers over telegraph wires. Eventually a worldwide network of 60-word-per-minute Teletypes is built up.
1935: AP starts WirePhoto, the world's first wire service for photographs. The first photo to transfer over the wires was of a plane crash in Morehouseville, N.Y., on Jan. 1, 1935.
1938: AP shifts into 50 Rockefeller Plaza (known as "50 Rock") in the newly built Rockefeller Center, which would remain its headquarters for 68 years; in 2004 it shifted to expanded offices at 450 W. 33rd St.
1941: AP expands from print into radio.
1945: AP Paris bureau chief Edward Kennedy (no relation to the U.S. Senator) defies an Allied Headquarters news blackout to report Germany’s surrender, touching off a bitter episode that leads to his eventual dismissal by the AP. Kennedy argued that he was reporting what German radio had already broadcast.
1994: AP launches APTV, a global video newsgathering agency, headquartered in London.

[edit] AP Sports Polls

The Associated Press Building in New York City. The AP left this building in 2004.

The Associated Press is also known for putting together Associated Press (AP) Polls on numerous college sports in the United States. The AP Poll ranking the top-25 NCAA Division I-A college football and Division I men's and women's college basketball teams are the most well known. The polls are made by collecting top-25 votes of numerous designated sports journalists and then compiled at the AP office. The AP Poll in college football was particularly notable because it helped determine the ranking of teams at the end of the year for the Bowl Championship Series until the AP, citing conflict of interest, asked for the AP Poll to be removed from the Bowl Championship Series. In the 2005 season, the Harris Interactive College Football Poll took its place in the formula. The AP Poll is the longest serving college football poll, having started in 1936.

[edit] Associated Press Television News

In 1994 London based Associated Press Television (APTV) was started to provide agency news material to television news broadcasters. Other providers of such material were Reuters Television and Worldwide Television News (WTN).

In 1998 APTV left the Associated Press building in the City of London and merged with WTN to create Associated Press Television News in the existing WTN building in North London.

[edit] Current events

[edit] Guantánamo Bay detainees

The Associated Press made available for download the unclassified portions of the dossiers of 59 Guantánamo Bay detainees, which they acquired through Freedom of Information Act requests.

Main article: Associated Press library of Guantanamo Bay detainee dossiers

In 2005, AP requested that the Department of Defense provide transcripts and related documents from the Combatant Status Review Tribunals (CSRTs). The Department of Defense released redacted versions of the transcripts and related documents, claiming that the release of the detainees' names and other identifying information in unredacted versions would violate their privacy (as protected by Exemption 6 to the Freedom of Information Act). The Department of Defense never claimed that the release of unredacted versions would compromise national security. In 2005, U.S. District Judge Jed S. Rakoff ordered the Department of Defense to ask each detainee for permission for their names to be released, and on January 24, 2006, Rakoff ruled in favor of the Associated Press, finding that the Department of Defense had failed to offer adequate evidence to support their claims and that the detainees' had no reasonable expectation of privacy under the order, and therefore ordered the Department of Defense to release the unredacted transcripts and related documents.^[3] Documents of only 317 of the 490 detainees were released on March 3, 2006. Although justice Rakoff had already dismissed this argument, Pentagon spokesman Bryan Whitman justified withholding the names out of a concern for the detainees' privacy. [3] [4]

[edit] Jamil Hussein controversy

Main article: Jamil Hussein controversy

Some Associated Press reporters have been accused by bloggers of using fake sources, in particular a purported police captain Jamil Hussein, for their reporting of sectarian violence in Iraq. The Associated Press stood by its reporting, and on January 4, 2007 the Iraqi Interior Ministry recognized Jamil as an active member of the Baghdad police force, and said he now faces arrest for talking to journalists. Ministry spokesman Abdul-Karim Khalaf, who had previously denied the existence of Hussein, acknowledged that the officer was assigned to the Khadra police station.^[4]. Though conceding this, the same bloggers countered that the story that had sparked the hunt - that of the destruction of four mosques, the burning to death of six civilians and the failure to act by Iraqi security forces - had failed to hold up to both Washington Post and The New York Times investigations into the alleged event. The AP stands by the story, though in a subsequent AP article the number of destroyed mosques had been reduced from 'four' to one "badly damaged" structure, and no mention was made of security forces' alleged inaction. (^[5] ^[6] ^[7])

[edit] Governance

The Associated Press is governed by an elected board of directors.

Burl Osborne, Chairman, Publisher Emeritus, The Dallas Morning News
Tom Curley, President & CEO
R. Jack Fishman, Publisher and Editor, Citizen Tribune, Morristown, Tennessee
Dennis J. FitzSimons, Chairman President and CEO, Tribune Company, Chicago
Joe Hladky, President and Publisher, The Gazette Co., Cedar Rapids, Iowa
Walter E. Hussman Jr., Publisher, Arkansas Democrat-Gazette, Little Rock, Arkansas
Julie Inskeep, Publisher, Fort Wayne Journal Gazette, Fort Wayne, Indiana
George B. Irish, President, Hearst Newspapers, New York, New York
Boisfeuillet (Bo) Jones, Publisher and CEO, The Washington Post, Washington, D.C.
Mary Junck, President and CEO, Lee Enterprises, Davenport, Iowa
David Lord, President, Pioneer Newspapers, Seattle, Washington
Kenneth W. Lowe, President and CEO, E.W. Scripps Company, Cincinnati
Douglas H. McCorkindale, Chairman, Gannett, McLean, Virginia
R. John Mitchell, Publisher, Rutland Herald, Rutland, Vermont
Steven O. Newhouse, Chairman, Advance.Net, New York, New York
Gary Pruitt, Chairman, President and CEO, The McClatchy Company, Sacramento, California
Michael E. Reed, CEO, Liberty Group Publishing, Inc., Downers Grove, Illinois
Bruce T. Reese, President and CEO, Bonneville International, Salt Lake City, Utah
Jon Rust, Publisher, Southeast Missourian, Cape Girardeau, Missouri
William Dean Singleton, Vice Chairman and CEO, MediaNews Group, Denver, Colorado
Jay R. Smith, President, Cox Newspapers, Atlanta, Georgia
David Westin, President, ABC News, New York, New York
H. Graham Woodlief, President, Publishing Division, Media General, Richmond, Virginia [5]

[edit] Web resource

The AP's multi-topic structure has lent itself well to web portals, such as Yahoo, msn.com, etc, which all have news pages which constantly need to be updated. Often, such portals will rely on AP and other news services as their first source for news coverage of breaking news items. Yahoo's "Top News" page gives the AP top visibility out of any news outlet. This has been of major impact to the AP's public image and role, as it gives new credence to the AP's continual mission of having staff for covering every area of news fully and promptly. The AP is also the news service used on the Nintendo Wii's News Channel.

[edit] See also

Hal Buell — former head of Photography Service (photo director) at AP.
Joe Rosenthal — war photographer for AP.
Brian Murphy — religion writer for AP.

2007-07-27T17:53:00.000-07:00

Newspaper

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A selection of newspapers

Topics in journalism
Professional issues
Ethics & news values Objectivity & attribution News source & libel law News & reporting & writing Education & fourth estate Other topics & books
Fields
Advocacy journalism Alternative journalism Arts journalism Business journalism Citizen journalism Fashion journalism Investigative journalism Literary journalism Photojournalism Science journalism Sports journalism Video game journalism Video journalism
Social impact
Infotainment & celebrity 'Infotainers' & personalities News management Distortion & VNRs PR & propaganda 'Yellow' journalism Press freedom
News media
Newspapers & magazines News agencies Broadcast journalism Online & blogging Alternative media
Roles
Journalist, reporter, editor, news presenter, photo journalist, Columnist, visual journalist
v • d • e

A newspaper is a publication containing news, information and advertising, usually printed on low-cost paper called newsprint. It may be general or special interest, most often published daily or weekly.

The first printed newspaper was published in 1605, and the form has thrived even in the face of competition from technologies such as radio, television, and the Internet. Recent developments on the Internet are, however, posing major challenges to the business model of many newspapers. Paid circulation is declining in most countries, and advertising revenue, which makes up the bulk of most newspapers' income, is shifting from print to online, resulting in a general decline in newspaper profits. This has led to some predictions that newspapers’ role in society will shrink or even disappear, although historically, new media technologies such as radio and television never supplanted print media.

General-interest newspapers are usually journals of current news. Those can include political events, crime, business, culture, sports, and opinions (either editorials, columns, or political cartoons). Newspapers use photographs to illustrate stories; they use editorial cartoonists, usually to illustrate writing that is opinion, rather than news.

Some specific features a newspaper may include are:

Weather news and forecasts
An advice column
Critic reviews of movies, plays, restaurants, etc.
Editorial opinions
A gossip column
comic strips and other entertainment, such as crosswords, sudoku and horoscopes
A sports column or section
A humor column or section
A food column
Classified ads are commonly seen in local or small newspapers.

Reading the newspaper: Brookgreen Gardens in Pawleys Island, South Carolina, United States.

[edit] Types of newspaper

A daily newspaper is issued every day, often with the exception of Sundays and some national holidays. Saturday and, where they exist, Sunday editions of daily newspapers tend to be larger, include more specialized sections and advertising inserts, and cost more. Typically, the majority of these newspapers' staff work Monday to Friday, so the Sunday and Monday editions largely depend on content done in advance or content that is syndicated. Most daily newspapers are published in the morning. Afternoon or evening papers are aimed more at commuters and office workers.

Weekly newspapers are common and tend to be smaller than daily papers.

Most nations have at least one newspaper that circulates throughout the whole country: a national newspaper, as contrasted with a local newspaper serving a city or region. In the United States and Canada, there are few truly national newspapers, with the notable exceptions The Wall Street Journal and USA Today in the US and The Globe and Mail and The National Post in Canada. Large metropolitan newspapers with expanded distribution networks such as The New York Times and The Washington Post can fill the role of de facto national newspapers. In the United Kingdom, there are numerous national newspapers, including The Independent,The Times, The Daily Telegraph, The Guardian, The Observer, The Daily Mail, The Sun, The Daily Express and The Daily Mirror.

As English has become the international language of business and technology, many newspapers formerly published only in non-English languages have also developed English-language editions. In places as varied as Jerusalem and Bombay (Mumbai), newspapers are printed to a local and international English-speaking public. The advent of the Internet has also allowed the non-English newspapers to put out a scaled-down English version to give their newspaper a global outreach.

There is also a small group of newspapers which may be characterised as international newspapers. Some, such as Christian Science Monitor and The International Herald Tribune, have always had that focus, while others are repackaged national newspapers or “international editions” of national-scale or large metropolitan newspapers. Often these international editions are scaled down to remove articles that might not interest the wider range of readers.

Job titles within the newspaper industry vary greatly. In the United States, the overall manager of the newspaper - sometimes also the owner - may be termed the publisher. This usage is less common outside the U.S., but throughout the English-speaking world the person responsible for content is usually referred to as the editor. Variations on this title such as editor-in-chief, executive editor, and so on, are common.

While most newspapers are aimed at a broad spectrum of readers, usually geographically defined, some focus on groups of readers defined more by their interests than their location: for example, there are daily and weekly business newspapers and sports newspapers. More specialist still are some weekly newspapers, usually free and distributed within limited areas; these may serve communities as specific as certain immigrant populations, or the local gay community.

Newspapers often refine distribution of ads and news through zoning and editioning. Zoning occurs when advertising and editorial content change to reflect the location to which the product is delivered. The editorial content often may change merely to reflect changes in advertising — the quantity and layout of which affects the space available for editorial — or may contain region-specific news. In rare instances, the advertising may not change from one zone to another, but there will be different region-specific editorial content. As the content can vary widely, zoned editions are often produced in parallel.

Editioning occurs in the main sections as news is updated throughout the night. The advertising is usually the same in each edition (with the exception of zoned regionals, in which it is often the ‘B’ section of local news that undergoes advertising changes). As each edition represents the latest news available for the next press run, these editions are produced linearly, with one completed edition being copied and updated for the next edition. The previous edition is always copied to maintain a Newspaper of Record and to fall back on if a quick correction is needed for the press. For example, both the New York Times and Wall Street Journal offer a regional edition, printed through a local contractor, and featuring locale specific content. The Journal's global advertising rate card provides a good example of editioning.[1]'

[edit] Format

Most modern newspapers are in one of three sizes:

Broadsheets: 600 mm by 380 mm (23½ by 15 inches), generally associated with more intellectual newspapers, although a trend towards “compact” newspapers is changing this.
Tabloids: half the size of broadsheets at 380 mm by 300 mm (15 by 11¾ inches), and often perceived as sensationalist in contrast to broadsheets. Examples: The Sun, The National Enquirer, The National Ledger, The Star Magazine, New York Post, The Drudge Report, The Globe.
Berliner or Midi: 470 mm by 315 mm (18½ by 12¼ inches) used by European papers such as Le Monde in France, La Stampa in Italy and, since 12 September 2005, The Guardian in the United Kingdom.

Newspapers are usually printed on inexpensive, off-white paper known as newsprint. Since the 1980s, the newspaper industry has largely moved away from lower-quality letterpress printing to higher-quality, four-color process, offset printing. In addition, desktop computers, word processing software, graphics software, digital cameras and digital prepress and typesetting technologies have revolutionized the newspaper production process. These technologies have enabled newspapers to publish color photographs and graphics, as well as innovative layouts and better design.

To help their titles stand out on newsstands, some newspapers are printed on coloured newsprint. For example, the Financial Times is printed on a distinctive salmon pink paper, and the Italian sports newspaper La Gazzetta dello Sport is printed on pink paper. Sheffield's weekly sports publication derives its name, the " Green 'Un", from the traditional colour of its paper, while L'Équipe (formerly L'Auto) is printed on yellow paper. Both the latter promoted major cycling races and their newsprint colours were reflected in the colours of the jerseys used to denote the race leader; thus, the leader in the Giro d'Italia wears a pink jersey.

[edit] Online-only newspapers

Main article: Online Newspaper

With the introduction of the Internet, web based newspapers have also started to be produced as online only publications, like the Southport Reporter^[1]. To be a Web-Only newspaper they must be web published only and must not be part of or have any connection to hard copy formats. To be classed as a Online Only Newspaper the paper must also be regularly updated at a regular time and keep to a fixed news format, like a hardcopy newspaper. They must also be only published by professional media companies and regarded under the national/international press rules and regulations ^[2] unlike blog ^[3] sites. and other news websites it is run as a newspaper and is recognized by media groups in the UK, like the NUJ and/or the IFJ. Also they fall under the UK's PCC rules.

[edit] Electronic Paper

Main article: electronic paper

In February 2006, the Flemish daily De Tijd of Antwerp announced plans to distribute an electronic-ink version of the paper to selected subscribers. This will be the first such application of electronic ink to newspaper publishing. This type of electronic ink will be able to update any newspaper instantly.

[edit] Circulation and readership

Main article: Newspaper circulation

The number of copies distributed, either on an average day or on particular days (typically Sunday), is called the newspaper’s circulation and is one of the principal factors used to set advertising rates. Circulation is not necessarily the same as copies sold, since some copies or newspapers are distributed without cost. Readership figures may be higher than circulation figures because many copies are read by more than one person, although this is offset by the number of copies distributed but not read (especially for those distributed free).

Newspaper vendor, Paddington, London, February 2005

According to the Guinness Book of Records, the daily circulation of the Soviet newspaper Trud exceeded 21,500,000 in 1990, while the Soviet weekly Argumenty i fakty boasted the circulation of 33,500,000 in 1991.

According to United Nations data from 1995 Japan has three daily papers —the Asahi Shimbun, Mainichi Shimbun and Yomiuri Shimbun— with circulations well above 4 million. Germany’s Bild, with a circulation of 4.5 million, was the only other paper in that category.

In the United Kingdom, The Sun is the top seller, with around 3.2 million copies distributed daily (late-2004).

In India, The Times of India is the largest English newspaper, with 2.14 million copies daily. According to the 2006 National Readership Study, the Dainik Jagran is the most-read, local-language (Hindi) newspaper, with 21.2 million readers [2].

In the U.S., USA Today has a daily circulation of approximately 2 million, making it the most widely distributed paper in the country.

A common measure of a newspaper’s health is market penetration. Market penetration is expressed as a percentage of households that receive a copy of the newspaper against the total number of households in the paper’s market area. In the 1920s, on a national basis in the U.S., daily newspapers achieved market penetration of 130 percent (meaning the average U.S. household received 1.3 newspapers). As other media, such as radio and television, began to compete with newspapers, and as printing became easier and less expensive giving rise to a greater diversity of publications, market penetration began to decline. It wasn't until the early 1970s, however, that market penetration dipped below 100 percent. By 2000, it was 53 percent 1.

[edit] Advertising

Most newspapers make nearly all their money from advertising; the income from the customer’s payment at the news-stand is small in comparison. For that reason, newspapers are inexpensive to buy, and some are free. The portion of the newspaper that is not advertising is called editorial content, editorial matter, or simply editorial, although the last term is also used to refer specifically to those articles in which the newspaper and its guest writers express their opinions. In recent years, the advertorial emerged. Advertorials are most commonly recognized as an opposite-editorial which third-parties pay a fee to have included in the paper. Advertorials commonly advertise new products or techniques, such as a new design for golf equipment, a new form of laser surgery, or weight-loss drugs. The tone is usually closer to that of a press release than of an objective news story.

Publishers of commercial newspapers strive for higher circulation, so that advertising in their newspaper becomes more effective, allowing the newspaper to attract more advertisers and to charge more for the service. But some advertising sales also market demographics: some newspapers might sacrifice higher circulation numbers in favor of an audience with a higher income.

Many paid-for newspapers offer a variety of subscription plans. For example, someone might want only a Sunday paper, or perhaps only Sunday and Saturday, or maybe only a workweek subscription, or perhaps a daily subscription.

Some newspapers provide some or all of their content on the Internet, either at no cost or for a fee. In some cases, free access is available only for a matter of days or weeks, after which readers must register and provide personal data. In other cases, free archives are provided.

[edit] Newspaper journalism

Since newspapers began as a journal (record of current events), the profession involved in the making of newspapers began to be called journalism. Much emphasis has been placed upon the accuracy and fairness of the journalist — see Ethics.

In the yellow journalism era of the 19th century, many newspapers in the United States relied on sensational stories that were meant to anger or excite the public, rather than to inform. The more restrained style of reporting that relies on fact checking and accuracy regained popularity around World War II.

Criticism of journalism is varied and sometimes vehement. Credibility is questioned because of anonymous sources; errors in facts, spelling, and grammar; real or perceived bias; and scandals involving plagiarism and fabrication.

In the past, newspapers have often been owned by so-called press barons, and were used either as a rich man’s toy, or a political tool. More recently in the United States, a greater number of newspapers (and all of the largest ones) are being run by large media corporations such as Gannett (the largest in the United States), The McClatchy Company, Cox, LandMark, Morris Corporation, The Tribune Company, Hollinger International, News Corporation etc. Many industry watchers have concerns that the growing need for profit growth natural to corporations will have a negative impact on the overall quality of journalism.

There is no doubt, however, that newspapers have, in the modern world, played an important role in the exercise of freedom of expression. Whistle-blowers, and those who “leak” stories of corruption in political circles often choose to inform newspapers before other mediums of communication, relying on the perceived willingness of newspaper editors to expose the secrets and lies of those who would rather cover them. However, there have been many circumstances of the political autonomy of newspapers being curtailed.

Even though the opinions of the owners are often relegated to the editorial section, and the opinions of other writers and readers are in the op-ed (“opposite the editorial page”) and letters to the editors sections of the paper, newspapers have been used for political purposes by insinuating some kind of bias outside of the editorial section and into straight news. For example, The New York Times is often criticised for a perceived leftist slant to its stories, or, by others, for supporting the American political establishment, whereas the opinion pages (but not the news pages) of the The Wall Street Journal generally take right-wing positions.

Some ways newspapers have tried to improve their credibility are: appointing ombudsmen, developing ethics policies and training, using more stringent corrections policies, communicating their processes and rationale with readers, and asking sources to review articles after publication. Many larger newspapers are now using more aggressive random fact-checking to further improve the chances that false information will be found before it is printed.

[edit] The future of newspapers

The future of newspapers is cloudy, with overall readership slowly declining in most developed countries due to increasing competition from television and the Internet. The 57th annual World Newspaper Congress, held in Istanbul in June 2004, reported circulation increases in only 35 of 208 countries studied. Most of the increases came in developing countries, notably China and India.

Front page of The New York Times on Armistice Day, November 11, 1918.

A report at the gathering indicated that China tops total newspaper circulation, with more than 85 million copies of papers sold every day, followed by India with 72 million—China and India are the two most populous countries in the world—followed by Japan with 70 million and the United States with 55 million. The report said circulation declined by an average of 2.2 percent across 13 of the 15 countries that made up the European Union before May 1. The biggest declines were in Ireland, down 7.8 percent; Britain, down 4.7 percent; and Portugal, where numbers fell by 4.0 percent. One growth area is the distribution of free daily newspapers, which are not reflected in the above circulation data. Led by the Metro chain of newspapers, they grew 16 percent in 2003.

Newspapers also face increased competition from internet sites such as Craigslist for classified ads, especially for jobs, real estate, and cars, the advertising of which has long been key sources of newspaper revenue. Also from online only newspapers. Already in the UK a newspaper called Southport Reporter started out in 2000 and remains online as a recognized newspaper, but only published online and others now exist through out the world. This opens the debate as to "What is a newspaper". See Online Newspapers.

However, many believe that the Internet can itself be used to newspapers’ advantage. Again see online Newspapers also broadcast journalism.

[edit] Newspapers in different countries

2007-07-18T23:25:00.000-07:00

CNN

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For other uses, see CNN (disambiguation).

Cable News Network

Type	Cable television network
Branding	CNN
Availability	United States, Canada, worldwide (via CNN International), online (via CNN Pipeline), radio (news reports on the half hour)
Founder	Ted Turner
Slogan	"The Most Trusted Name in News"
Owner	Turner Broadcasting (Time Warner)
Key people	Reese Schonfeld Jim Walton (Pres., CNN Worldwide) Jonathan Klein (Pres., CNN/US)
Launch date	June 1, 1980
Website	www.cnn.com

Cable News Network, commonly known as CNN, is a major cable television network founded in 1980 by Ted Turner.^[1]^[2] It is a division of the Turner Broadcasting System, owned by Time Warner. CNN introduced the idea of 24-hour television news coverage, and celebrated its 25th anniversary on June 1, 2005.

In terms of cumulative (Cume) Nielsen ratings or "unique viewers", CNN rates as America's #1 cable news network.^[3] CNN broadcasts primarily from its headquarters at the CNN Center in Atlanta, Time Warner Center in New York City, and studios in Washington, DC. As of December 2004, it is available in 88.2 million U.S. households and more than 890,000 American hotel rooms. The U.S version of CNN is also shown in Canada. Globally, the network airs through CNN International and has combined branded networks and services that are available to more than 1.5 billion people in over 212 countries and territories.

History

The Cable News Network was launched at 6:00 p.m. EST on June 1, 1980. After an introduction by Ted Turner, the husband and wife team of David Walker and Lois Hart anchored the first newscast.^[4] Since its debut, CNN has expanded its reach to a number of cable and satellite television networks, several web sites, specialized closed-circuit networks (such as CNN Airport Network), and two radio networks. The network has 42 bureaus, more than 900 affiliated local stations, and several regional and foreign-language networks around the world. The network's success made a bona-fide mogul of founder Ted Turner and set the stage for the Time Warner conglomerate's eventual acquisition of Turner Broadcasting.

Despite its domestic standing, CNN remains a distant second in international news coverage, reaching just over half of the audience of the older BBC News. Unlike BBC's network of reporters and bureaus, CNN International makes extensive use of affiliated reporters that are local to, and often directly affected by, the events they are reporting. The effect is a more immediate, less detached style of on-the-ground coverage. This has done little to stem criticism, largely from Middle Eastern nations, that CNN International reports news from a pro-American perspective. This is a marked contrast to domestic criticisms that often portray CNN as having a "liberal" or "anti-American" bias.

A companion network, Headline News (originally called CNN2) was launched in 1982 and featured a continuous 24-hour cycle of 30-minute news broadcasts. Headline News broke from its original format in 2006 with the addition of Headline Prime. Current programs feature confrontational personalities like radio talk-show host Glenn Beck and former Fulton County, Georgia prosecutor Nancy Grace.

The Gulf War

The neutrality of this section is disputed.
Please see the discussion on the talk page.

The first Persian Gulf War in 1991 was a watershed event for CNN that catapulted the network past the "big three" American networks for the first time in its history, largely due to an unprecedented, historical scoop: CNN was the only news outlet with the ability to communicate outside Iraq during the initial hours of the American bombing campaign. Clandestine live reports from the al-Rashid Hotel in Baghdad by reporters Bernard Shaw, John Holliman, and Peter Arnett are some of the most nail-biting, suspenseful reports in television news history.

Much of the vivid suspense results, ironically, from the reporters' inability to offer a video feed, which forced CNN to present their degraded, telephone-quality audio over live green-tinted night-vision shots of a Baghdad sky streaked with tracers and explosions. These images evoked Edward R. Murrow's radio reports of the London Blitzkrieg during World War II, resulting in some of the most indelible journalistic images of the late 20th Century. Their impact was widespread and profound.

The Gulf War experience brought CNN some much sought-after legitimacy and made household names of previously obscure (and infamously low-paid) reporters. Many of these reporters now comprise CNN's "old guard." Bernard Shaw became CNN's chief anchor until his retirement in 2001. Others include then-White House correspondent Wolf Blitzer (now host of The Situation Room and Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer) and international correspondent Christiane Amanpour. Amanpour's presence in Iraq was caricatured by actress Nora Dunn as the ruthless reporter "Adriana Cruz" in the film Three Kings (1999, dir: David O. Russell). Time Warner later produced a television movie, Live from Baghdad, about the network's coverage of the first Gulf War, which aired on HBO.

The CNN Effect

Coverage of the first Gulf War and other crises of the early 1990s (particularly the infamous "Black Hawk Down" Battle of Mogadishu) led officials at the Pentagon to coin the term "the CNN effect" to describe the perceived impact of real time, 24-hour news coverage on the decision-making processes of the American government.

9/11

CNN claims to be the first network to break news of the September 11 attacks. Anchor Carol Lin was on the air to deliver the first alleged public report of the event. Sean Murtagh, CNN vice-president for finance & administration, was the first network employee on the air in New York. Archives of CNN's website on 9/11 and subsequent days are available at archive.org.^[5]

Experiments

CNN launched two specialty news channels for the American market which would later close amid competitive pressure: CNNSI shut down in 2002, and CNNfn shut down after nine years on the air in December 2004. CNN and Sports Illustrated's partnership continues today online at CNNSI.com. CNNfn's former website now redirects to money.cnn.com, a product of CNN's strategic partnership with Money Magazine.

Online

CNN debuted its news website CNN.com (then known as as CNN Interactive or CNNi) on August 30, 1995. Initially an experiment, interest in CNN.com grew steadily over its first decade and today CNN.com is now one of the most popular news websites in the world. The wide-spread growth of blogs, social media and user-generated content has had a profound effect on the network, and blogs in particular have focused CNN's previously scattershot online offerings, most noticeably in the development and launch of CNN Pipeline in late 2005.

CNN Pipeline was the name of a paid subscription service, its corresponding website, and a content delivery client that provided streams of live video from up to four sources (or "pipes"), on-demand access to CNN stories and reports, and optional pop-up "news alerts" to computer users. The installable client was available to users of PCs running Microsoft Windows. There was also a browser-based "web client" that did not require installation. The service was discontinued in July of 2007 and replaced with a very similar but free web based live video service.

The now-defunct topical news-program Judy Woodruff's Inside Politics was the first CNN program to feature a round-up of blogs in 2004. Blog coverage was expanded when Inside Politics was folded into the The Situation Room. In 2006, CNN launched CNN Exchange and CNN iReport, initiatives designed to further introduce and centralize the impact of everything from blogging to citizen journalism within the CNN brand. CNN iReport which features user-submitted photos and video, has achieved considerable traction, with increasingly professional-looking reports filed by amateur journalists, many still in high school or college. The iReport gained more prominence when observers of the Virginia Tech Shootings sent-in first hand photos of what was going during the shootings.

CNN continues to expand its online platform and now offers several RSS feeds and podcasts.

Trivia

This article contains a trivia section.
The article could be improved by integrating relevant items into the main text and removing inappropriate items.

This article has been tagged since July 2007.

CNN crews are getting ready for 4th of July Coverage, in Washington DC, 2002

On March 21, 2006, the Gallup polling company dropped CNN as its outlet for electronic distribution, due in part to CNN's lower ratings.^[6]

CNN in Popular Culture

CNN has been parodied many times. Many movies outside of the Turner Broadcasting Network also mention CNN in their storylines. In the movie Mr Bones appears a news network with the name "CCN", its logo being in the same font as CNN's. In the video game Desert Strike, CNN is parodied by calling the news station, EANN, with the EA standing for the video game company's name, Electronic Arts. The movie Batman Forever shows a newscast on "GNN" (presumably standing for Gotham News Network) The Logo is very similair to the "CNN" logo. Other parodies, or references include Command and Conquer Zero Hour's American campaign, featuring updates on missions with a correspondent from BNN, the rapper Eminem included a similar alteration in his song Without Me, where, dressed up as Osama Bin Laden he was reported on by ENN, obviously due to his name being Eminem. Some fictional television shows also use a parody of CNN known as ZNN.

See also: Groland and CNNNN

CNN's most famous station ID is a five-second musical jingle with James Earl Jones' simple but classic line, "This is CNN." Jones' voice can still be heard today in updated station IDs. The line has also been referenced in other programming.

Current shows

American Morning - The network's morning news program. Hosted by Kiran Chetry and John Roberts.
CNN Newsroom - A daily look at what's making news, airing live from Atlanta. Anchored by Heidi Collins and Tony Harris (Weekday Mornings); Kyra Phillips and Don Lemon (Weekday Afternoons); Betty Nguyen and TJ Holmes (Weekend Mornings), Fredricka Whitfield (Weekend Afternoons); and Rick Sanchez (Weekend Evenings). Weekend anchors also act as weekday substitutes if need be.
Your World Today - A CNN International program covering international news in-depth.
The Situation Room - A fast-paced look at the day's top stories, focusing on politics and homeland security. Anchored by Wolf Blitzer.
Lou Dobbs Tonight - A nightly news and discussion program; evolved from Moneyline, a nightly business newscast.
Paula Zahn Now - A look at the current issues affecting the world, with former CBS and Fox News anchor Paula Zahn.
Larry King Live - A nightly talk program, hosted by Larry King
Anderson Cooper 360° - A fast-paced, nightly news program with former ABC News reporter Anderson Cooper.
Reliable Sources - A weekly talk program focusing on a critical look at the media. Washington Post media critic Howard Kurtz hosts and talks with a panel of guests about how well the media covered the week's stories. Guests usually include print, television, and Internet journalists.
Late Edition with Wolf Blitzer - CNN's political talk show, similar to CBS' Face the Nation or NBC's Meet the Press.
House Call - A medically oriented program, hosted by Dr. Sanjay Gupta.
This Week at War - An inside look at the week's developments in the war on terror from CNN correspondents. Hosted by John Roberts.
CNN Saturday Morning/CNN Sunday Morning - The network's weekend morning news program. Anchored by Betty Nguyen and TJ Holmes.
CNN Special Investigations Unit - Formerly known as "CNN Presents," "CNN:SIU" is a long-form investigative series that features CNN correspondents delivering in-depth, hour-long feature reports on current events and other news worthy topics.
Open House - A personal finance show with a focus on the housing market, hosted by Gerri Willis

Weekday schedule

	6:00 AM	9:00 AM	12:00 PM	1:00 PM	4:00 PM	6:00 PM	7:00 PM	8:00 PM	9:00 PM	10:00 PM
MON - FRI	American Morning	CNN Newsroom	Your World Today	CNN Newsroom	The Situation Room	Lou Dobbs Tonight	The Situation Room	Paula Zahn Now	Larry King Live	Anderson Cooper 360

2007-07-18T21:50:00.001-07:00

BBC World

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For the BBC radio network, see BBC World Service.

BBC World

Launched	1991, as BBC World Service Television, rebranded BBC World in 1995
Owned by	BBC
Audience share	Available in 281 million homes, in 1.3 million hotel rooms, on 48 cruise ships, 37 airlines and 29 mobile phone platforms. 76 million viewers per week (May 2007, [1])
Slogan	"Putting News First"
Country	United Kingdom (for external consumption only)
Sister channel(s)	BBC News 24
Website	http://www.bbcworld.com/
Availability
Satellite
Hot Bird 6	12597 V / 27500 / 3/4
Hot Bird 7A	11334 H / 27500 / 2/3 & 11432 V / 27500 / 2/3
Astra 1KR	11597 V / 22000 / 5/6
Thor 2	11325 H / 24500 / 7/8
Cyfra+	Channel 104
Cyfrowy Polsat	Channel 85
Digital+	Channel 75
Starchoice	Channel 501
Astro Malaysia	Channel 93
Tata Sky	Channel 536
DialogTV	Channel 2
True Visions	Channel 72
Astro Nusantara	Channel 32
Sky Network Television	Channel 93
SelecTV	Channel 5
TVB Pay Vision	Channel 62
Skylife	Channel 528
CanalSat	Channel 48
Digiturk	Channel 122
Dream	Channel 22
Cable
UPC Ireland	Channel 206
StarHub digital	Channel 13
Rogers Cable	Channel 194 Digital (Analogue varies by region)
Shaw TV	Channels Vary
Cablevision	Channel 104
now TV	Channel 320
Cable TV	Channel 75
Foxtel Digital	Channel 103
SkyCable	Channel 29
Global Destiny	Channel 43
OneLink Communications (San Juan, Puerto Rico)	Channel 74
TelstraClear InHomeTV	Channel 93
Verizon FiOS
CATV (50%)	various numbers
Foxtel Digital	Channel 606

BBC Portal

BBC World is the BBC's international news and current affairs television channel. It has the biggest audience of any BBC channel. Launched in 1991 as BBC World Service Television, BBC World broadcasts for 24 hours with programming including BBC News bulletins, documentaries, lifestyle programmes and interviews. Its main global competitor is CNN International, though it also competes with other major news broadcasting companies. It is considered to be the most watched 'news' channel beating CNN and Al Jazeera English.

The channel is transmitted by Red Bee Media from their network centre at the Broadcast Centre, part of the BBC Media Village in White City, west London. All news output originates from the nearby Television Centre where BBC World has a newsroom and studio separate from the rest of BBC News. This newsroom provides output from 0500-0030 British Time each weekday and from 0600-0030 each weekend. The news output from 0100-0500 is from the studio of the UK domestic channel BBC News 24.

Although the BBC World News studio produces output in 16:9 SDTV in line with the rest of BBC News, the channel is transmitted in 4:3. The news output is converted into a 14:9 frame for both digital and analogue broadcasting, resulting in black bands at the top and bottom of the screen.

BBC World was named Best International News Channel at the AIB Awards in November 2006.^[1]

[edit] History

The channel is transmitted from the BBC Media Village.

The channel originally launched as BBC World Service Television, though unlike BBC World Service radio which has always been government funded, the British government refused to extend the Foreign Office grant-in-aid.

BBC World itself launched in 1995 with the split of BBC World Service Television into two stations: BBC Prime - an encrypted entertainment channel requiring subscription, and the free to air BBC World.

Throughout the past eleven years, the service has gone through several branding changes. From 1995 to 1997, the channel used few graphics to display the name of the channel, with the actual news studio modelled on that used for BBC News in the United Kingdom.

As part of the major relaunch of the image of the BBC including a new logo for the corporation in 1997, the channel received its first main refresh. Various fictional flags with some real were used. The idents were computer generated and developed by the Lambie-Nairn design agency.

The largest relaunch for BBC News came in 1999 with all output, both in the UK and for BBC World globally having a uniform look made up of red and cream. Music based on a style described as 'drums and beeps' was introduced, composed by David Lowe, a departure from the general orchestral versions of other news programmes.

In 2003 and 2004 a second makeover, using the same 'drums and beeps' style music but new graphics took place, although on a much smaller scale to that of 1999. The music was changed slightly while the main colour scheme became black and red, with studios using a frosted glass, white and red design for colourings. Later in 2004 the channel's slogan became Putting News First, replacing Demand a Broader View.

[edit] Distribution

BBC World is most commonly watched as a FTA Channel. The channel is available free-to-air in Italy via digital terrestrial television, and in all parts of Europe and many parts of the world FTA via satellite. (It was also available via terrestrial FTA in Berlin from c. 2000 to March 2007). Although not officially available in the UK it is available to people who point their satellite dishes at Astra 1, Hotbird and Thor. In most of the world, it is carried on nearly all satellite and cable platforms.

It is also available globally online through the website of Dong-a Ilbo, a Korean newspaper^[2] and RealPlayer Plus. In Bahrain and the United Arab Emirates it is additionally available as a subscription mobile phone service, having also been available as a terrestrial channel.

A daily version of its news bulletins are also rebroadcast on many FTA terrestrial channels like in New Zealand, where it is carried overnight on TV ONE, and in Trinidad and Tobago where it is carried overnight on TV6.

In Europe, analogue satellite broadcasting via Hot Bird 6 ceased on 18 April 2006 at midday, although its digital free-to-air signal is replicated on Hot Bird 6, Hot Bird 7A, Thor 2 and on Astra 1KR.

It is also available 24/7 in Australia on Foxtel, Austar and Optus TV as well as the 3 mobile phone network. In New Zealand, it is also broadcast via satellite on SKY Network Television and via cable on TelstraClear.

In Asia, it was originally carried on Star TV, the pan-Asian satellite television service based in Hong Kong, which was later acquired by Rupert Murdoch, but switched to Panamsat in 1996. It is also available on Astro in Malaysia. In India it was FTA till 15 June 2006 but is now a pay channel.

BBC World has been available in Africa on DStv since late 1995, and its bulletins have also been rebroadcast on SABC's terrestrial channels in South Africa. In 1996, it became available in Latin America and the Caribbean.

In Canada, the channel is available on Bell ExpressVu and StarChoice satellite services, as well as on most digital cable services. Shaw Cable and Rogers Cable carry the channel as part of their analogue basic cable packages.^[3] Most of the US can receive both satellite signals. The signal is encrypted, and will not work on a legal Free To Air receiver. It is, however, FTA on Galaxy 13 C-Band at 127 W.

[edit] Programming

Live News Programmes:

BBC News For most of the day the channel produces 26 minute bulletins of international news beginning at the top of each hour. Each contain two breaks which are either filled by advertising or by continuing news depending on the region. The programmes at 2300 and 0000 UK time are presented from Washington and London and are rebroadcast via PBS stations in the USA. The 2300 UK time edition is also broadcast on BBC America and CBC Newsworld in Canada. Weekday presenters of BBC World News include Martine Dennis, David Eades, Nisha Pillai, Nik Gowing, Jonathan Charles, Mike Embley, Katty Kay, Lyse Doucet and Mishal Hussain. Each day during the overnight hours in the UK (0100-0500 local time), twenty-five minute news bulletins from the top of each hour on the channel are produced by and simulcast on BBC News 24, when they are simply identified as "BBC News" with no reference to any channel. During these overnight hours, the bulletins are usually presented from their studio (although the 'World' studio is sometimes utilised). The overnight bulletins are usually presented by Alastair Yates, Martine Croxall and Karin Giannone.
The World Today Transmitted at 0500 UK time, an hour of News, Business and sport, which is also transmitted on the main domestic BBC network BBC One via a simulcast with BBC News 24. The bulletin is hosted by Lucy Hockings, Martine Dennis, Jamie Robertson and Sally Bundock.
World News Today Transmitted at 1200 and 1900 UK time. Launched in July 2006, to coincide with the launch of BBC World as an independent channel in the United States, the 1200 UK time (0700 ET) edition was launched to appeal to the breakfast audience in the country and is presented by George Alagiah. The 1900 edition is aimed at European audiences and launched on the 29 May 2007. It is presented by Zeinab Badawi. It replaced the 2100 edition which had run since 18 September 2006. The first half hour is broadcast on the BBC's domestic channel BBC Four. Both editions of World News Today include a ten minute version of World Business Report. There are additional editions of World News Today planned for 1600 GMT and for 0300 UK Time.

World News bulletins form the main part of the channel's daily schedule.

Business Programmes

World Business Report International Business news. Live editions throughout the day between 0530 and 2300 UK Time. The 2230 edition is presented from London and New York. This edition is repeated several times between 2330 and 0500 UK time and the repeats can also be seen in the UK via BBC News 24 at separate times.
Asia Business Report Broadcast live from Singapore and only seen on the Asia feeds of BBC World.
Middle East Business Report is pre recorded and broadcast at the weekend.

Other live programmes

Asia Today - Asia-specific news broadcast from the main World Newsroom.. Transmitted live 3 times each day. The last edition is repeated at various times on the Asia feeds.
Sport Today – International Sport news. Transmitted five times each day with one repeat.
Have Your Say - A weekly programme that allows viewers to share their thoughts and questions with guests. Also simulcasted on BBC World Service Radio.

Pre recorded programmes include:

HARDtalk - individual interviews
Click - technology
Fast Track - travel
Talking Movies - films (mainly from Hollywood)
This Week - analysis of news from the past week

In addition, a special half hour version of the popular BBC Two programme Top Gear airs on weekends, and other BBC documentaries such as Holidays in the Danger Zone air from time to time.

In India, many programmes tailor-made for a local audience are shown , including Question Time India, quiz show University Challenge India, India Business Report, IT India Tomorrow, Face to Face and motor show Wheels.

[edit] BBC World programming in the United States

In the United States, selected BBC World bulletins are rebroadcast on PBS affiliates and BBC America.

Since BBC World's inception in 1995, the BBC sought carriage for the channel on US cable and satellite systems. Due to Americans' perceived lack of interest in international news, it took 11 years for a US distribution deal to be signed, a deal with Discovery Communications that was announced on 25 January 2006. As of September 2006, Cablevision in the New York City metropolitan area has agreed to retransmit the channel (commercial free) and is broadcast on channel 104 for digital subscribers. Ironically, Cablevision, however, does not carry BBC America, while Time Warner Cable, which serves non-Cablevision territory in the New York metro area does have BBC America on its lineup, but lacks BBC World. Additionally, digital cable subscribers belonging to Cox Communications in Northern Virginia can view the channel 24/7 on channel 254 as part of their digital sport and information tier.

As of April 2007 the channel is also carried by Verizon on most of their FiOS cable TV systems, including those serving areas of California, Delaware, Florida, Massachusetts, Maryland, New Jersey, New York, Texas and Virginia. BBC World appears on FiOS channel 92.

[edit] BBC World programming in the United Kingdom

It is not officially available as a stand-alone, full-time channel in the United Kingdom, on the grounds that it carries and is funded by advertising (BBC's domestic channels are funded by a television licence fee which households and establishments with equipment capable of receiving television broadcast signals must pay), although it can be easily received due to its free-to-air status on many European satellites.

However there is a simulcast of "The World Today from BBC News" on BBC One and BBC News 24. It carries a twenty-five minute news bulletin, followed by an edition of World Business Report. Both half hours of "The World Today" include a quick UK news update (general news at approximately 0515 UK time and business news at approximately 0545 UK time) while international viewers take a commercial break.

On weekdays BBC World also produces a version of World News Today at 1900 British Time. The first half hour of this programme can be seen in the UK on BBC Four. The edition of the programme replaced The World, which had been broadcast as a simulcast on the channel between 2002 and 2007.

A special unique edition of BBC World News was a regular feature six days a week at 0930 on BBC News 24 but following changes to the domestic channel's schedule, this edition is now seen only on Sundays at the same time.

[edit] Reputation and Criticisms

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The BBC has a reputation amongst many for independent and accurate reporting of news and current affairs^[4] .^{[citation needed]} However, being one of the newest of the BBC's media entities, BBC World is funded in part by commercial sponsors which has raised questions about its ability to report impartially.^{[citation needed]}

Though generally considered quite accurate,^{[citation needed]} BBC World has occasionally made mistakes, as in the incident where on the twentieth anniversary of the Bhopal disaster, 3 December 2004, BBC World was duped into broadcasting an interview with a hoaxer (later revealed to have been Andy Bichlbaum, a member of The Yes Men) claiming to be a representative of Dow Chemical offering a US$12,000,000,000 settlement to the 120,000 surviving victims of the Bhopal disaster.^[5] Upon discovery of the hoax, the BBC's Press Office immediately put out a statement regarding what had happened and the story was dropped from subsequent BBC World News bulletins and those on the 24 hour UK news channel BBC News 24.^[6]

[edit] Censorships

BBC News has been banned in several countries primarily for unbiased reporting which has been unfavourable to the ruling government. Most notable examples have been in Uzbekistan,^[7] Zimbabwe and China.^[8]

[edit] Variation

The breakfiller in 2007.

BBC World is, for the most part, the same channel all over the world — except for the commercials. However, there are some regional programming variations. For example, a number of programmes are made exclusively for regional viewings, such as Indian feeds, and The Record Europe, which can only be viewed in Europe. In addition, the Asia Business Report from Singapore is only aired in Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Middle East. The rest of the world sees the World Business Report (World Business Report is showed in Asia, Australia, New Zealand and the Middle East, but are on at different times depending on the country.)

On most feeds of BBC World, commercials are inserted by the cable or satellite provider similar to other channels. When a cable or satellite provider does not insert commercials, the "Breakfiller" (see right) shows promotions for upcoming programmes on the channel. During BBC News, a news story that has not been promoted airs during what would be the commercial break. This is the case on the broadband versions of BBC World, and on versions of BBC World aired in the United States on PBS. However, there are some global commercials and sponsorships which air throughout the network.

[edit] BBC World News

Bulletins are broadcast from a dedicated studio within the News Centre at BBC Television Centre.

Half-hour BBC World News bulletins are made available to PBS stations in the United States through WLIW in New York. 80 to 90% of Americans are able to receive them, though broadcast times vary between different localities, with it airing on several PBS stations in markets such as New York City and Washington, DC.

On PBS stations, BBC World News does not appear with commercials (the breaks are replaced with news stories) but omits the Met Office international weather forecast at the end, replacing it with underwriting announcements. The PBS airings are tape-delayed on some stations.

BBC World News bulletins are also available on BBC America in the U.S. The network airs three bulletins on weekday mornings (as part of a 3-hour block of BBC World coverage), plus one in the evening. One bulletin airs daily on the weekends (in the morning). Met Office forecasts are removed, but commercials are included.

The bulletins also appear on CBC Newsworld in Canada, and Access 31 in Perth, Australia.

Travellers on the Heathrow Express rail service from London Paddington to London Heathrow Airport are also treated to a specially-recorded BBC World bulletin - introduced with a namecheck of "Welcome to BBC World News onboard the Heathrow Express" - during the fifteen minute journey. This short bulletin is updated twice a day, and is shown in both classes on LCD televisions throughout the train.

Many airlines from across the world also play pre-recorded extracts of the BBC World News, have text headlines from it or have a full bulletin available on the in-flight entertainment systems. Airlines with BBC World include Emirates, Singapore Airlines, Cathay Pacific, Qatar Airways, Etihad and United Airlines. Travellers can watch the bulletins on Channel 1 shortly after take-off on British Airways flights from the United Kingdom.

[edit] The hourly countdown

The countdown since 2005 has shown the elements involved in bringing news stories to air.

Since its inception, and more so since its extensive association with BBC News 24, the countdown to the hourly news bulletin has been a feature of the channel. With music composed by David Lowe, it has changed several times over the decade.

A 'ribbon-around-the-world' countdown was used starting in February 2003, when a large scale rebranding was brought out on both BBC World and BBC News 24. However, the countdowns in the latter featured some stunning visuals of the world and the UK in the background as the countdown proceeded, while the former merely had the usual 'world-spinning' image.

A new international version of the BBC World countdown was introduced on 5 September 2005, using many clips featured in the News 24 countdown. Content featured includes reporters and technical staff working in the field while unlike that of News 24, the countdown will end in an international location rather than a view of Television Centre. A week prior to the change, the channel's well established break-filler also switched to a new musical arrangement, without a change in its visuals.

The countdown received a new musical composition on 22 January 2007 as part of a wider refresh of BBC News bulletin titles though the visuals remained the same. Listen

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Contents

[edit] History

[edit] Distribution

[edit] Programming

[edit] BBC World programming in the United States

[edit] BBC World programming in the United Kingdom

[edit] Reputation and Criticisms

[edit] Censorships

[edit] Variation

[edit] BBC World News

[edit] The hourly countdown